Designing wireless sensor networks should meet appropriate parameters such as quality of service (QoS) defined by different users. The variable physical conditions of the environment, processing and transmission power limitations and limited communication capabilities are the most important obstacles that influence QoS parameters such as throughput, delay, reliability and network lifetime. The most important PROBLEMs that directly have destructive effects on these parameters are hidden and EXPOSED NODE PROBLEMs. These PROBLEMs extremely decrease throughput and increase delay and power consumption in the network. This paper proposes a new and efficient method to decrease the mentioned PROBLEMs that relies on clustering, grouping and subgrouping strategy. Then different transmission powers are allocated to different NODEs depending on their hierarchy level to communicate in their active time slots to decrease power consumption. This mechanism has been simulated by OPNET on IEEE802.15.4/Zigbee.

The PROBLEM of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic PROBLEM of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic PROBLEM is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the PROBLEM of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the PROBLEM of personal identity.

Essential genes and proteins as their products encode the basic func-tions of a cell in a variety of conditions and are vital for the survival of a cell. Ana-lyzing the characteristics of these proteins provides important biological information. An interesting analysis is to demonstrate the correlation between the topological importance of a protein in protein-protein interaction networks and its essentiality. Di, erent centrality criteria such as degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centralities are used to investigate such a correlation. Despite the remarkable re-sults obtained by these methods, it is shown that the centrality criteria in scale-free networks show a high level of correlations which indicate that they share similar topo-logical information of the networks. In this paper, we use a di, erent approach for analyzing this correlation and use a well-known PROBLEM in the , eld of graph theory, Critical NODE Detection PROBLEM and solve it on the protein-protein interaction net-works to obtain a subset of proteins called critical NODEs which have the most e, ect on the network stability. Our results show that essential proteins have a more promi-nent presence in the set of critical NODEs than what is expected at random samples. Furthermore, the essential proteins represented in the set of critical NODEs have a di, erent distribution of topological properties compared to the essential proteins re-covered by the centrality-based methods. All the source codes and data are available at \http: //bioinformatics. aut. ac. ir/CNDP PPI networks/".

In this paper, we study the location routing PROBLEM with intermediate replenishment facilities (LRPIRF), an extension of the location routing PROBLEM (LRP), where the vehicles can replenish at some intermediate facilities. Vehicles leave the depot with load on-board, serve customers until out of load, may return to an intermediate facility to replenish, and finally return to the depot, completing their route. In this paper, we initiate a mathematical mixed integer programming model with new kind of subtour elimination constraints for this PROBLEM. Moreover, the facility location phase is considered besides vehicle routing phase in our PROBLEM. The objective of the PROBLEM is to find routes for vehicles to serve all customers at a minimal cost in terms of total travel cost and total facility location cost, without violating the capacity constraint of the vehicles. The solution to the LRPIRF is obtained through CPLEX solver in commercial software GAMS 23.5.1, Genetic Algorithm and Tabu Search algorithm. Computational results are obtained on a set of randomly generated instances and indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in terms of solution time and quality.

In Kant and the PROBLEM of Metaphysics (KPM), Heidegger shows how the initial image-making power of the imagination is pictorial in the pure image of time. He further clarifies the recognized link between the syntheses and the time-visualizing power of images which is pictorial formative power, which can visualize time. The three syntheses of imagination are replaced with the modes of existence of Dasein. Three kinds of photographs resemble the images produced when the transcendental imagination functions as Dasein. We can address the ways to visualize time by considering Dasein with a photographic preoccupation through 1. A possible look in the form of presentation (a photograph shows an immediate look of a house or person as intuitable this-here); 2. An immediate look of the thing, house, or deceased person, as well as a copy or its reproduction as a death mask; and, 3. The manner of contemplation of a likeness is an immediate look of a being present in the form of representation.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the PROBLEM of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a PROBLEMatic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

Different range-free algorithms are proposed for location estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. In these algorithms, the network is assumed to have no error and false data. This paper attempts to model an attack and evaluate and analysis the effect of malicious data produced by NODE compromised attacks in some of the range-free algorithms: DV-hop, LSVM, NN and ELM. The false data may be produced by the malicious anchor NODEs or compromised sensor NODEs. The resistance of these algorithms against NODE compromise attacks is compared. The results show that although DV-hop has less localization error compared to the three other algorithms in a normal condition. However, LSVM and ELM, respectively, have less localization error in the case of beacon NODE compromise and sensor NODE compromise attacks. Further, in this research work, a new criterion is proposed for studying and comparing border PROBLEM issue in the localization algorithms. Using the simulation results from various algorithms outcomes has been used for comparison, where it can be considered that LSVM has better performance in the border PROBLEM compared with the other studied algorithms.

The travelling salesman PROBLEM is one of the well-known NP-hard PROBLEMs, and there are various versions of the PROBLEM with respect to its different specifications of the constraints and assumptions. Especially, the symmetric travelling salesman PROBLEM has been considered in numerous routing models. The critical NODE detection PROBLEM has received increasing attention throughout the routing models. The critical NODE has the most important role in the routing PROBLEMs, and if it is out of service then the optimal solution will be hit by a large undesirable cost. The critical NODE is defined as the NODE whose deletion from the network results in the largest decrease in the optimal cost. It is proved the critical NODE of the network is the critical NODE for the optimal tour, too. Thus, the critical NODE is considered to obtain a good approximate solution in a reasonable iteration. The 2-opt heuristic is applied by the critical NODE in the symmetric traveling salesman PROBLEM and the iterations are reduced significantly. Then, the pseudo-critical NODE is defined and detected in the approximate solution, whose removal results in the largest decrease of the approximate cost. So, the 2-opt heuristic is applied by the pseudo-critical NODE and the optimal or a nearby optimal solution is obtained.

Introduction: Many of mustard gas EXPOSED veterans complain of respiratory PROBLEM during sleep. Mustard gas exposure causes tracheomalasia and increased collapsibility of airway. Muscle atonia during sleep along with collapse of upper respiratory tract can cause obstructive apnea in sleep. This study is performed to evaluating respiratory sleep disorder in these veterans.Materials and methods: In a non-randomized design, 31 mustard gas EXPOSED veterans with complaint of respiratory PROBLEM in sleep selected for polysomnography. Demographic data, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), weight, neck circumference, CBC, FBS and lipid profile obtained from all patients.Results: Mean age of patients was 46.45±11.7. The mean of BMI was 30.8±6.9 and neck circumference was 41.3±3.1. These figures in OSA group were 33.4±7.8 and 42.5±3.5 respectively. The mean of ESS score in OSA group was 14.1±8.8. The polysomnographic findings was normal in 7 patients (22.6%). In 10 patient (32.2%) show OSA with mean apnea hypopnea index of 22.3±10.2 and mean O2 saturation of 72.6±8.1, in 7 patient (22.6%) primary snoring, in 5 patient central sleep apnea and in 2 patients mixed central and obstructive sleep apnea.Discussion: Although, in the pathogenesis of OSA various factors including age, sex, smoking, and obesity have important role. But, high frequency of OSA in these patients could indicate the probable role of mustard exposure and tracheomalacia induce by it. However, proofing of this role needs a more extensive study.